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On History, by Fernand Braudel
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The first English translation of Ecrits sur l'histoire—a collection of essays written over a twenty-year period following publication of Braudel's masterwork, La, M�diterran�e—On History sets forth Braudel's reflections on the intellectual framework of his historical studies. Braudel calls on the historian to penetrate beneath the surface of political events to uncover and measure the forces shaping collective existence. Cycles of production, wages and prices, grids of communication and trade, fluctuations and climate, demographic trends, popular beliefs—all of these phenomena are proper subjects of the historian's investigations. It is only through study of the longue dur�e, Braudel argues, that one can discern structure, the supports and obstacles, the limits and his experience cannot escape.
"The great French historian Fernand Braudel has done what only giants can: he has made Western man confront the problem of time—individual time, historical time, relative time, real time. . . . Braudel, more than any other historian, has wrestled with man's conception of time over time. . . What a magnificent fight he has fought."—Virginia Quarterly Review
- Sales Rank: #450724 in Books
- Published on: 1982-02-15
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .59" w x 6.00" l, .72 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 236 pages
Language Notes
Text: English, French (translation)
About the Author
Fernand Braudel is a member of The French Academy.
Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The Shipping News
By Jeffrey Rubard
Augustus said he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. Fernand Braudel, perhaps the single most influential historian of the 20th century, found history a matter of narrative about famous personages and left it a study of the "structures of everyday life": this selection of polemical essays explains how and why he and the historians of the *Annales* school borrowed liberally from once-scorned social sciences, and expanded the scope of historical reflection to that of the *longue duree*. Braudel's major work *The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II* studies the Mediterranean region with a liberation from the story of nation-states which was previously unthinkable; from diet to shipping patterns, almost anything seems more important to him than the scepter. These short essays give the principles behind that book and Braudel's other massive contributions to historical science.
Unlike French philosophers of his time, Braudel did not desire to appear as a self-starting genius capable of writing on everything: his historiographical suggestions are careful and modest, and a phrase which will be familiar to humanities scholars of recent vintage ("we have learned from X that...") occurs frequently in this book. His friend the sociologist Georges Gurevitch is one frequently cited as a source of inspiration, but one of the most charming essays is on a book about a dilapidated Brazilian mining town written by a "100% American" sociologist and nearly every other human science seems to Braudel a source of important tools: geography and demography are clearly major influences on his historical style. Braudel is also willing to hand out prizes to many other historians, classic and novel.
If you are involved with that intellectual pastime mysteriously known simply as "theory", the non-misplaced concreteness of this will be a bit of a relief; if you are a history buff raised on a diet of hagiographic books about the Founding Fathers, best to take a "longer view" with people slightly aware of the significance of revolutions but ready to talk about something else.
4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
A COLLECTION OF THE FAMED FRENCH HISTORIAN'S WRITINGS ON THE NATURE OF HISTORY
By Steven H Propp
Fernand Braudel (1902-1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School (i.e., emphasizing social rather than political or diplomatic themes, and opposed to Marxist historiography). He wrote in the Preface to this 1969 book, "This collection did not originate with me. Two or three years ago, my Polish and then my Spanish friends decided to collect and translate the few articles and essays which I had published in the past twenty years on the nature of history. This volume is the final result."
He explained, "A useful understanding has to be arrived at ... that the way to study history is to view it as a long duration, as what I have called the 'longue dur�e'... which by itself can pose all the great problems of social structures, past and present." (Pg. viii) He suggests, "There is... a history slower that the history of civilizations, a history which almost stands still, a history of man in his intimate relationship to the earth which bears and feeds him; it is a dialogue which never stops repeating itself, which repeats itself in order to persist, which may and does change superficially, but which goes on, tenaciously, as though it were somhow beyond time's reach and ravages." (Pg. 12)
He asserts, "We have already stated our mistrust of a history occupied solely with events. To be fair, though, if there is a sin in being overconcerned with events, then history, though the most obvious culprit, is not the only guilty one. All the social sciences have shared in this error." (Pg. 35) He adds, "sociology and history made up one single intellectual adventure, not two different sides of the same cloth but the very stuff of that cloth itself." (Pg. 69) He clarifies, "As far as the history of the 'longue dur�e' is concerned, history and sociology can hardly be said to meet, or even to rub shoulders. This would be saying too little. What they do is mingle. The 'longue dur�e' is the endless, inexhaustible history of structures and groups of structures. For the historian a structure is not just a thing built, put together; it also means permanence, sometimes for more than centuries." (Pg. 75)
He argues, "If I stand so strongly against the ideas of Toynbee [A Study of History: Abridgement of Volumes I-VI] or Spengler [THE DECLINE OF THE WEST. An abridged edition], it is because these ideas persist in bringing humanity back to the old times... In order to accept that today's civilizations repeat the cycle of that of the Incas, or whomever, we would first have to concede that neither technology, nor economics, nor demography has any very great bearing on civilizations." (Pg. 215)
Braudel's book will be of keen interest to anyone studying the philosophy of history, or historiography in general.
18 of 19 people found the following review helpful.
Still relevant....
By Dianne Foster
ON HISTORY is the English translation of a book written by the French historian Fernand Braudel that first appeared in France in 1969. However he is probably best known for his comprehensive works on the Mediterranean and civilization and capitalism in the west in the 15th to 18th centuries.
This book is a historiography of sorts and composed of several essays/talks he gave about the need to rethink what we mean by history. He examines three concepts: 1) time; 2) the social sciences and their relation to history; and 3) history in the present age.
What do we mean by history? How does the historian decide where to focus (geography); when to focus (time); and what will be the subject of his focus (art, politics, etc. or all aspects of culture-civilization). Regarding the issue of time, Braudel suggests the social observer must see that the length of time that governs his focus is fundamental. Take the French Revolution for example. When did it begin? Some think seizing the Bastille was the critical moment. But why did the people of France decide to do this? What led to this moment. And when did the currents that led to the moment begin. And, more important perhaps from Braudel's perspective is what was going on in the meantime. How were ordinary people going about their lives?
In the end, the decision regarding time is subjective and this subjectivity is governed by ways of seeing-or social science perspectives. The sociologist is not concerned with the French Revolution or very much else that happened in the past. He might have read Comte and Marx as part of his graduate studies, but his current focus is on the here and now and what his survey results tell him. The demographer generally takes a longer view if in no other way than his age and sex pyramids, but his focus is on the processes of fertility, mortality and migration that drive change and affect the size, distribution, and composition of various extant population groups. These groups are generally encompassed by political boundaries that are of interest to geographers and political scientists. These social scientist are generally not troubled by the beginnings or repercussions of the French Revolution.
In his last secton, Braudel examines the effect of the past on the present. He says one might better understand the past by studying living fossils. He uses the work of the anthropologist (Marvin Harris) who studied the people of Minas Velhas, an old mining community in Brazil, as an example. He suggests the anthropologist focused on the present moment-it's kinship patterns and networks and perhaps the distribution of wealth or material goods where the historian might have looked a things a bit differently. He suggests all of us are the sum of everything that made us, but some people are more connected to the past than others. As such they should be studied by historians. He also suggests that civilizations are collections of cultural characteristics and these characeristics have a history. For example, take language. All words have an historical root.
Braudel is absolutely correct when he suggests social scientists generally have a restricted world view, and that this view shapes their findings and conclusions. Unfortunately, where funding drives research, the focus remains narrow.
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